Upgrading to Four-Pair PoE: What You Need to Know

Just Your Type

First, it helps to understand the differences between the different types of PoE. Type 1 PoE delivers up to 15.4 W, with 13 W available for the device, and Type 2 PoE (sometimes referred to as PoE Plus) delivers up to 30 W, with 25.5 W available for the device. Both deliver power over two pairs using one of two methods—Alternative A and Alternative B.

In Alternative A, power is delivered simultaneously with data over pairs 1-2 and 3-6. In Alternative B, power is delivered over pairs 4-5 and 7-8. 

The proposed 802.3bt standard for four-pair PoE includes Type 3 and Type 4, both of which now deliver power over all four pairs simultaneously with data. Type 3 PoE delivers up to 60W, with 51W available for the device, while Type 4 delivers up to 90W, with 71W available for the device.

Time to Keep a Balance

In Type 1 and Type 2 PoE using Alternative A, power is transmitted by applying a common-mode voltage on the two pairs—meaning the current is evenly split between the two conductors. For this to happen, the DC resistance of each conductor in the pair must be balanced (equal), and any difference is referred to as DC resistance unbalance. Too much unbalance can distort data signals, causing bit errors, retransmits and even nonfunctioning data links.

Like Type 1 and Type 2 PoE Alternative A, four-pair Type 3 and Type 4 PoE also deliver power via common-mode voltage, so DC resistance unbalance matters here as well. However, in Type 3 and Type 4, it is no longer just the DC resistance unbalance on each pair you need to worry about. Excessive DC resistance unbalance between multiple pairs can also wreak havoc on data transmission or cause PoE to stop working.

While poor quality cable with variations in conductor diameter and concentricity (roundness) are at a higher risk of DC resistance unbalance, inconsistent terminations where individual conductors are not properly and consistently seated within IDCs can also cause DC resistance unbalance. So while you may see a DC resistance unbalance specification on a vendor’s cable, field testing is really the only way to ensure DC resistance unbalance performance after installation.

Thankfully, Fluke Networks’ DSX CableAnalyzer™ Series of Copper Cable Certifiers quickly and easily tests DC resistance unbalance within a pair and between pairs, so you can rest assured that the cable plant you deploy will perform in two- and four-pair PoE applications.

More to Know

Unfortunately, DC resistance unbalance isn’t the only thing you need to worry about. When PoE is delivered over twisted-pair copper cabling, increased temperature within the cable can increase insertion loss. This can cause a channel to fail insertion loss testing or require the length of the cable to be reduced.

Heat generated by PoE is even more of an issue when multiple cables delivering PoE are together in a tight bundle—and the higher the power, the greater the heat. The National Electric Code specifies the number of cables allowed in a bundle based on conductor size and temperature rating for 60W or higher PoE. UL has also introduced a Limited Power (LP) rating that verifies cables do not exceed their temperature rating for a certain current per pair, and TIA is also developing guidelines for limiting temperature rise in a bundle.